Blade-coated inverted perovskite solar cells in an ambient environment

To make the jump from laboratories to commercial production for perovskite solar cells, it is necessary develop devices in an ambient environment using materials and methods that can be scalable. Here, blade coating followed by vacuum quenching used manufacture FACs-based cells with additive of MACl under (30%–57% RH), where FA formamidinium MA methylammonium. The allows quick removal solvent initiate nucleation process create intermediate phase. control crystallization, utilized manipulate Besides perovskites, another key component hole transport material. Although nickel oxide exhibits good photostability scalable inverted device architecture, main drawback low cell efficiency. This work solves tuning cation ratio Pb2+ A+ light soaking, achieving a champion efficiency 19.5%. encapsulated exhibit long-term photostability, maintaining 96% their original 91.5% maximum over 648 h one sun at 45°C 50%–60% relative humidity. demonstrates economical highly process, promising commercial-scale manufacturing.